Cargo Ship Hit Oil Tanker and Sank in Port 突发！货轮撞上油轮在港口沉没！

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On December 21, a small container feeder hit a product tanker at an anchorage off Kupang, Timor, causing the former to sink due to hull damage.

Reports indicate that the container ship was attempting to anchor near Tenau Port when it was swept away by water currents and subsequently collided with the oil tanker. After the collision, the container ship tilted 10 degrees to the starboard side, with continuous water ingress through a hole in the starboard. All 20 crew members, including the captain, were rescued after an emergency operation. Ultimately, the container ship sank near the Tenau Container Port in Kupang City, province of East Nusa Tenggara. According to relevant sources, the economic loss from this accident amounts to 70 billion Indonesian rupiah (approximately $4.319 million).

In recent years, news of ship collisions has frequently appeared in the media. Besides natural causes and human factors, these incidents can also be explained by scientific principles.

12月21日，一艘小型支线集装箱船在东帝汶古邦附近的锚地撞上一艘13000载重吨成品油轮，前者由于船体损坏而沉没。

相关消息称，集装箱船试图在Tenau港口附近抛锚时被水流冲走，随后撞上油轮。相撞后，集装箱船船体向右舷倾斜10度，右舷穿孔不断进水。经过紧急救援，包括船长在内的20名船员悉数获救。最终，集装箱货船在东努沙登加拉省古邦市Tenau集装箱港口附近海域沉没。相关人士称，此次事故经济损失高达700亿印尼盾（约431.9万美元）。

近几年船舶相撞新闻屡屡见报，除了自然原因和人为因素外，还可以用科学原理解释。

Ship Interaction Effects

船间效应

Ship interaction effects refer to the phenomena of mutual attraction, repulsion, and wave disturbance that occur when ships navigate at close distances, such as when sailing head-on, overtaking, or approaching a moored ship, due to the disruption of the symmetrical water flow along the sides of the ships.

船间效应指的是船舶在近距离航行，如对驶、追越或驶近系泊船时，船舶两舷的水流对称性遭到破坏，出现互相吸引、排斥、波荡等现象。

1.Attraction and Repulsion

The water level near the midship area drops, and the pressure decreases, which exerts an attractive force on nearby ships. In contrast, the water level at the bow and stern of a moving ship rises, and the pressure increases, thus exerting a repulsive force on other ships sailing nearby.

In the autumn of 1912, the sister ship of the “Titanic,” the “Olympic,” was sailing at sea. At a distance of 100 meters from this then-largest ocean liner in the world, a much smaller armored cruiser, the “Hawk,” was speeding forward. The two ships seemed to be racing, sailing parallel and close to each other. Suddenly, the “Hawk,” which was speeding, appeared to be attracted by the larger ship and, without obeying the helmsman's control, crashed into the “Olympic.” In the end, the bow of the “Hawk” collided with the side of the “Olympic,” creating a large hole and causing a major maritime accident. This accident was caused by the ship suction effect.

The ship suction phenomenon is based on Bernoulli's principle in fluid mechanics, which states that the pressure of a fluid is related to its velocity; the greater the velocity, the lower the pressure, and vice versa. When two ships sail parallel to each other, the water flow speed between them increases, causing the water pressure in that area to decrease and form a low-pressure zone. Meanwhile, the water flow speed on the outer sides of the two ships is relatively slower, resulting in higher water pressure and forming a high-pressure zone. This pressure difference generates an inward force, causing the two ships to move closer to each other and even collide. Additionally, the high-pressure zones at the bow and stern of the sailing ships and the low-pressure zone at the midship can also cause parallel ships to converge and change direction. These phenomena are collectively referred to as ship suction.

1、吸引与排斥

船中部附近水位下降，压力降低，则给靠近的船舶以吸引作用。而航进中的船舶，首尾处水位升高、压力增高从而给靠近航行的他船以排斥作用。

1912年秋天，“泰坦尼克”号的姐妹船“奥林匹克”号正在大海上航行，在距离这艘当时世界上最大远洋轮的100米处，有一艘比它小得多的铁甲巡洋舰“豪克”号正在向前疾驶，两艘船似乎在比赛，彼此靠得较拢，平行着驶向前方。忽然，正在疾驶中的“豪克”号好像被大船吸引似的，一点也不服从舵手的操纵，竟一头向“奥林匹克”号闯去。最后，“豪克”号的船头撞在“奥林匹克”号的船舷上，撞出个大洞，酿成一件重大海难事故，此次事故就是船吸效应造成的。

船吸现象基于流体力学的伯努利原理，即流体的压强与它的流速有关，流速越大，压强越小；反之亦然。当两艘船平行航行时，两船之间的水流速度会加快，导致该区域的水压降低，形成低压区。而两船外侧的水流速度相对较慢，水压较高，形成高压区。这种压力差会产生一个向内的力，使得两艘船相互靠近，甚至发生碰撞。此外，航行船舶的首尾高压区及船中部的低压区，也会引起并行船舶的靠拢和偏转，这些现象统称为船吸。

2.Wave Disturbance

A ship in the wave system of another ship is subjected to acceleration forward and deceleration backward due to its position in the wave, a phenomenon known as wave disturbance.

2、波荡

处于他船船行波中的船舶，因其处于波的不同位置而受到向前加速和向后减速的作用，这种现象称为波荡。

As shown in the figure, when two ships approach each other in parallel while overtaking, they are affected by the ship waves created by the overtaking or overtaken ship. The overtaking ship on the left is at the crest and is pushed forward, accelerating the vessel, while the overtaking ship on the right is at the trough and is hindered by the waves, decelerating the vessel.

如图，两船如平行接近处于追越关系时，就要受到追越船或被追越船所造成的船行波作用，左侧追越船只处于波峰而受到推动作用，船舶被加速，右侧追越船只处于波谷而受到波浪的阻遏作用，船舶被减速。

3.Turning Moment

When the bow direction of a ship forms an angle with the direction of the scattered waves from another ship, a torque is generated along with the rotational movement of the waves. The greater the wave-making of the other ship, the larger the turning effect. This effect is particularly significant when a small ship with shallow draft is affected by the scattered waves of a high-speed, large ship.

When ships sail on the water surface, whether overtaking or sailing head-on, to prevent the unpredictable dangers brought by ship interaction effects, the first step should be to increase the distance between the two ships.

3、转头

当船首方向与他船散波方向存在夹角时，伴随波的回转运动，产生了使船转头的力矩。当对方船的兴波越激烈时，转头作用越大；当小型船、吃水浅的船遭受到高速大型船的散波作用时特别显著。

船舶在水面上行驶时，不论是追越还是对驶，为了预防船间效应带来的不可预知的危险，首先都应该采取办法拉开两者之间的间距。

Understanding ship interaction effects is of great significance to navigation safety. Taking the ship suction effect as an example:

知晓船间效应对航海安全有重要意义，仅以船吸效应为例：

The Importance of Understanding Ship Suction Effect

了解船吸效应的重要性

1.Navigation Safety: The ship suction phenomenon is one of the important causes of ship collisions. Therefore, understanding and mastering the principles and patterns of the ship suction effect is of great significance in preventing the occurrence of ship collision accidents. Navigators can take corresponding preventive measures, such as slowing down the ship in front when two ships sail side by side and increasing the horizontal distance during overtaking to avoid collisions caused by the ship suction effect.

2.Ship Design: Studying the ship suction effect can provide important references for ship design. By optimizing ship design, such as adjusting the hull shape and improving water flow distribution, the ship's ability to resist wind and waves and its stability can be enhanced.

3.Military Applications: In the military field, the study of the ship suction effect is also of great significance. By researching the patterns and influencing factors of the ship suction effect, the design of warships can be optimized, improving their maneuverability and stability, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of military operations.

In general, when two ships sail side by side, the pressure on the inner side decreases, while the pressure on the outer side increases, causing the two ships to attract each other and easily collide. Therefore, when two ships meet, it is essential to maintain an appropriate distance.

1、航海安全：船吸现象是导致船舶碰撞的重要原因之一。因此，在航海过程中，了解和掌握船吸现象的原理和规律，对于预防船舶碰撞事故的发生具有重要意义。航海者可以采取相应的预防措施，如两船并行时前方的船应减速，追越船在追越中应加大横距等，以避免船吸现象导致的碰撞。

2、船舶设计：研究船吸现象可以为船舶设计提供重要的参考。通过优化船舶的设计，如调整船体形状、改善水流分布等，可以提高船舶的抗风浪能力和稳定性。

3、军事应用：在军事领域，船吸现象的研究同样具有重要意义。通过研究船吸现象的规律和影响因素，可以优化舰船的设计，提高舰船的机动性和稳定性，从而增强军事行动的效果。

总的来说，两船并排行驶，内侧压力减小，外侧压力加大，导致两船相互吸引，很容易撞在一起。所以两船相遇时，一定要保持相应的距离。

How to Prevent Ship Interaction Effects

如何预防船间效应

1.Preventive Measures During Overtaking

1)Ships should try to avoid overtaking in narrow bays or shallow waters and should choose to overtake in straight, low-traffic density, and permitted overtaking sections.

2)The two ships should maintain a sufficient horizontal distance. When overtaking quickly in deep water, the distance between the two ships should be at least one ship length of the larger ship, preferably greater than the sum of the two ships' lengths. When overtaking slowly in the harbor, the horizontal distance between the two ships can be reduced to at least one ship width, preferably greater than one ship length of the larger ship.

3)Before overtaking, the ship must obtain the consent of the overtaken ship using VHF or sound signals.

4)After the overtaken ship agrees to be overtaken, it should take actions to assist in avoiding, such as giving way and slowing down; the overtaking ship should appropriately increase speed to maximize the distance between the two ships, thereby increasing the speed difference between the two ships and reducing the time they sail side by side.

5)If there is a clear mutual interaction and a risk of collision, the overtaking ship should slow down, stop, or reverse and use the corresponding rudder angle to prevent turning; while the overtaken ship should appropriately increase speed to enhance rudder effectiveness and resist turning. If the overtaken ship slows down at this time, it may lose rudder effectiveness and is more likely to cause a collision.

1、追越时预防措施

1）船舶应尽量避免在狭窄湾段或浅滩处追越，应选择平直、通航密度小、允许追越的航段追越。

2）两船间尽量保持足够的横距，深水中快速追越时，两船间应至少保持大船的一倍船长，最好能大于两船船长之和。在港内低速追越时，两船间的横距可以减少到最少保持一倍船宽，最好能大于大船的一倍船长。

3）船舶追越前必须用VHF或声号征得被追越船的同意后方可追越。

4）被追越船同意追越后，应尽可能采取让出一部分航道和减速等协助避让的行动；追越船应适当加车，尽可能加大两船的间距，以便增大两船间的速度差，减小两船并行的时间。

5）一旦出现明显的相互作用而有碰撞危险时，则追越船应减速，停车或倒车，并用相应的舵角制止偏转；而被追越船则应适当地加车以增加舵效，抵制偏转，此时被追越船如果减速，则可能丧失舵效，反而容易引起碰撞。

2、Preventive Measures When Sailing Head-on

1)Avoid meeting ships in complex navigation sections.

2)Before sailing head-on, slow down and try to maintain a horizontal distance between the two ships greater than the length of the larger ship.

3)When the bows of the two ships are parallel, avoid using a large rudder angle to suppress the outward turn of the bow, as this will cause the bow to enter the low-pressure area in the middle of the other ship and accelerate the inward turn, leading to a collision. The correct measure is to appropriately increase speed to enhance rudder effectiveness, stabilize the bow direction, reduce the time of passage, and allow the mutual interaction to quickly disappear for safe passage.

2、对驶时预防措施

1）应避免在复杂的航段会船。

2）对驶前应减速缓慢航行，尽量保持两船间的横距大于大船的船长。

3）待两船船首相平时，切忌用大舵角抑制船首外转，否则将导致船首进入对方船中部低压区加速内转而引起碰撞，正确的措施是适当加车增加舵效，稳定船首向，减少通过的时间，使相互作用迅速消失而安全通过。

3、Measures When Passing Moored Ships

1)Strengthen duty and maintain even tension on the mooring lines to avoid a single line being too tight or too loose.

2)If necessary, make necessary adjustments to the mooring lines and fenders to increase the stability of the moored ship.

3)When a large ship is seen passing by quickly, the moored ship should make necessary adjustments to the gangway, stop any operations that may be affected, and prevent accidents.

3、驶过系泊船时措施

1）加强值班，保持系缆受力均匀，避免某根缆绳单独过紧或过松。

2）必要时对系缆和碰垫做必要的调整，以增加船舶系泊稳定度。

3）发现有大船快速驶过时，系泊船应对舷梯做出必要调整，停止有关可能受影响的作业，避免发生事故。

During the navigation process, ships must always be vigilant about the potential dangers that these physical phenomena may bring. Crew members and captains should strengthen their understanding of ship interaction effects, grasp their patterns and preventive measures, and strictly abide by navigation rules and operating procedures. Shipping companies should also enhance the training of crew members to improve their safety awareness and emergency response capabilities. At the same time, maritime management departments should strengthen the supervision of ship navigation, improve the ship traffic management system, and promptly issue navigation warnings and safety information to provide strong guarantees for the safe navigation of ships.

船舶在航行过程中，必须时刻警惕这些物理现象可能带来的潜在危险。船员和船长应加强对船间效应的了解，掌握其规律和预防措施，严格遵守航行规则和操作规程。航运公司也应加强对船员的培训，提高他们的安全意识和应急处置能力。同时，海事管理部门应加强对船舶航行的监管，完善船舶交通管理系统，及时发布航行警告和安全信息，为船舶安全航行提供有力保障。

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随着全球经济一体化，航运业蓬勃发展，海上运输日益繁忙，船只数量不断增加，相应的船员数量也大幅增长，这使得船员救助事件在数量上有增多趋势。专业的救助平台的重要性日益凸显，E-PORTS拥有丰富的船员救助经验，曾成功处理多起紧急救助案件，今年7月在东太平洋智利沿岸，一艘货船上1名船员突发急病，E-PORTS通过数字手段，迅速协调救援团队，就近安排该船紧急停泊港口，岸上医疗团队也已准备就位，船员上岸后并第一时间送入重症监护室进行科学治疗。经过及时的救助，这名船员终于脱离了危险，并在7月底前顺利返回中国，接受后续治疗。

如果需要船员救助，您可联系400-920-8810，E-PORTS客服7*24小时为您服务！

Note: The currency exchange rates mentioned in this article are the exchange rates on December 24, 2024.

注：本文所提及的货币汇率为2024年12月24日当日汇率。